محمد الربيعي
21-04-2009, 01:49 PM
استخدامات الأفعال الناقصة
The use of modal verbs :
can
a- ability = be able to = capable to
He can speak English , but he can't write it.
b- permission : can I smoke in here
c- possibility theoretical or factual
e.g. theoretical : anybody can make mistake
e.g. factuality : the road can be blocked
could :
past ability : I never could play the banjo
2- present or future permission : could I smoke in here
3- present possibility ( theoretical or factual )
a- we could go to the concert
b- the road could be blocked
4- contingent possibility or ability in unreal conditionals sentences :
if we had money , we could buy a car
may \ might
1- permission you may borrow my car if you like = you are allowed
the negation of this sentence is : you mustn’t , you are not allowed to , you may not borrow my car
2- possibility ( usually factual )
the road may be blocked
might :
1- permission : might I smoke in here.
2- possibility – theoretical or factual
e.g. we might go to the concert ( theoretical )
what you say might be true ( factual )
shall :
1- willingness on the part of the speaker in 2nd and 3rd person ( restricted use )
e.g. he shall get his money , you shall do exactly as you wish
2- intention on the part of the speaker ( 1 st ) person
e.g. I shan't be long , we shall be back after one hour
3- insistence on the part of the speaker in the first person
e.g. you shall do what I say
4- legal and quasi legal : he shall be punished
the vendor shall maintain the equipment in good repair
should :
1- obligation and logical necessity : you should do as he say \ they should be home by now
2- putative use after certain expression : it is odd that you should say this to me
I am sorry that should have happened
3- contingent use in the first person only ( we + I )
in the main clause = would
e.g. we should \ would love to go abroad if we had the chance
4- in rather formal real condition
e.g. if you should change your mind , please let us know
will :
1- willingness in polite request
e.g. he will help you , if you ask him \ will you have another cup of tea?
2-intention ( usually contacted to 'll , mainly in the first person )
I 'll write as soon as I can \ we won' t stay longer more than 2 hours
3- insistence ( no contraction )
e.g. he will do it whatever you say
4- predication
a- specific predication : the game will \ must \ should be finished by now
b- timeless predication : oil will float \ floats on water
c- habitual predication : he will ( always ) talk for hours if you give him the chance
would :
1- willingness : would you excuse me ?
2- insistence : it is your own fault , you would take the baby with you
3- characteristic activity in the past ( used to )
e.g. he would go for along walk every day
4- contingent use in the main clause : he would smoke too much if you didn’t stop him.
5- probability : that would be his mother
must :
1- obligation : you must be back by 10 o'clock .
and to negation this sentence we do the following :
you need not to \ you don’t have to \ you are not obliged to \ …. Be back by 10 o'clock.
For past we say : yesterday you had to be back by 10 o'clock .
But for reported speech both ( had to and must ) are possible
2-logical necessity : there must be a mistake
negative : there can't be a mistake.
3- superficially interrogative but answer assuming sentence
e.g. mustn't there be another reason for his behavior?
Ought to : obligation – logical necessity : you ought to start at once.
The use of modal verbs :
can
a- ability = be able to = capable to
He can speak English , but he can't write it.
b- permission : can I smoke in here
c- possibility theoretical or factual
e.g. theoretical : anybody can make mistake
e.g. factuality : the road can be blocked
could :
past ability : I never could play the banjo
2- present or future permission : could I smoke in here
3- present possibility ( theoretical or factual )
a- we could go to the concert
b- the road could be blocked
4- contingent possibility or ability in unreal conditionals sentences :
if we had money , we could buy a car
may \ might
1- permission you may borrow my car if you like = you are allowed
the negation of this sentence is : you mustn’t , you are not allowed to , you may not borrow my car
2- possibility ( usually factual )
the road may be blocked
might :
1- permission : might I smoke in here.
2- possibility – theoretical or factual
e.g. we might go to the concert ( theoretical )
what you say might be true ( factual )
shall :
1- willingness on the part of the speaker in 2nd and 3rd person ( restricted use )
e.g. he shall get his money , you shall do exactly as you wish
2- intention on the part of the speaker ( 1 st ) person
e.g. I shan't be long , we shall be back after one hour
3- insistence on the part of the speaker in the first person
e.g. you shall do what I say
4- legal and quasi legal : he shall be punished
the vendor shall maintain the equipment in good repair
should :
1- obligation and logical necessity : you should do as he say \ they should be home by now
2- putative use after certain expression : it is odd that you should say this to me
I am sorry that should have happened
3- contingent use in the first person only ( we + I )
in the main clause = would
e.g. we should \ would love to go abroad if we had the chance
4- in rather formal real condition
e.g. if you should change your mind , please let us know
will :
1- willingness in polite request
e.g. he will help you , if you ask him \ will you have another cup of tea?
2-intention ( usually contacted to 'll , mainly in the first person )
I 'll write as soon as I can \ we won' t stay longer more than 2 hours
3- insistence ( no contraction )
e.g. he will do it whatever you say
4- predication
a- specific predication : the game will \ must \ should be finished by now
b- timeless predication : oil will float \ floats on water
c- habitual predication : he will ( always ) talk for hours if you give him the chance
would :
1- willingness : would you excuse me ?
2- insistence : it is your own fault , you would take the baby with you
3- characteristic activity in the past ( used to )
e.g. he would go for along walk every day
4- contingent use in the main clause : he would smoke too much if you didn’t stop him.
5- probability : that would be his mother
must :
1- obligation : you must be back by 10 o'clock .
and to negation this sentence we do the following :
you need not to \ you don’t have to \ you are not obliged to \ …. Be back by 10 o'clock.
For past we say : yesterday you had to be back by 10 o'clock .
But for reported speech both ( had to and must ) are possible
2-logical necessity : there must be a mistake
negative : there can't be a mistake.
3- superficially interrogative but answer assuming sentence
e.g. mustn't there be another reason for his behavior?
Ought to : obligation – logical necessity : you ought to start at once.